Ellendale Weather Records (USC00322605)
Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Ellendale (USC00322605), North Dakota, United States, with 127 years of record.
Key Facts for Ellendale
- Ellendale (USC00322605) is a weather station in North Dakota, United States at 46.01 latitude and -98.53 longitude, 444 m (1,455 ft) above sea level.
- The station reports from 1893 to 2019, 127 years of record.
- 1,464 records set at Ellendale still stand.
- Records are tracked for tmax, tmin, prcp, snow, snwd: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
- Ellendale tied a daily record high minimum temperature of 21.7 C (71.1 F) on 30 June 2019.
About the Station
- Location: North Dakota, United States, 46.01 latitude, -98.53 longitude.
- Elevation: 444 m (1,455 ft).
- Period of record: 1893 to 2019, 127 years.
- Eligible elements: tmax, tmin, prcp, snow, snwd.
Daily Record Envelope and 2026
0 days at or beyond a record| Month | Highest record high | Lowest record low | 2026 highest maximum | 2026 lowest minimum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17.2 C (63.0 F) | -40.6 C (-41.1 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Feb | 21.1 C (70.0 F) | -40.6 C (-41.1 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Mar | 30.6 C (87.1 F) | -32.8 C (-27.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Apr | 36.7 C (98.1 F) | -23.9 C (-11.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
| May | 41.7 C (107.1 F) | -8.9 C (16.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Jun | 40.6 C (105.1 F) | -1.1 C (30.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Jul | 44.4 C (111.9 F) | 2.2 C (36.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Aug | 41.7 C (107.1 F) | 0.6 C (33.1 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Sep | 40.0 C (104.0 F) | -11.7 C (10.9 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Oct | 33.3 C (91.9 F) | -20.6 C (-5.1 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Nov | 24.4 C (75.9 F) | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Dec | 17.8 C (64.0 F) | -36.7 C (-34.1 F) | n/a | n/a |
Which Years Hold Standing Records
1,464 standing records| Year set | Standing records |
|---|---|
| 1893 | 36 |
| 1894 | 4 |
| 1895 | 24 |
| 1896 | 21 |
| 1897 | 15 |
| 1898 | 7 |
| 1899 | 26 |
| 1900 | 14 |
| 1901 | 21 |
| 1902 | 16 |
| 1903 | 8 |
| 1904 | 14 |
| 1905 | 22 |
| 1906 | 15 |
| 1907 | 20 |
| 1908 | 22 |
| 1909 | 24 |
| 1910 | 13 |
| 1933 | 15 |
| 1934 | 20 |
| 1935 | 17 |
| 1936 | 57 |
| 1937 | 21 |
| 1938 | 11 |
| 1939 | 19 |
| 1940 | 10 |
| 1941 | 19 |
| 1942 | 22 |
| 1943 | 14 |
| 1944 | 9 |
| 1945 | 10 |
| 1946 | 8 |
| 1947 | 15 |
| 1948 | 14 |
| 1949 | 11 |
| 1950 | 16 |
| 1951 | 17 |
| 1952 | 12 |
| 1953 | 14 |
| 1954 | 9 |
| 1955 | 15 |
| 1956 | 16 |
| 1957 | 7 |
| 1958 | 17 |
| 1959 | 13 |
| 1960 | 7 |
| 1961 | 8 |
| 1962 | 16 |
| 1963 | 12 |
| 1964 | 14 |
| 1965 | 13 |
| 1966 | 11 |
| 1967 | 10 |
| 1968 | 10 |
| 1969 | 17 |
| 1970 | 9 |
| 1971 | 11 |
| 1972 | 28 |
| 1973 | 8 |
| 1974 | 8 |
| 1975 | 11 |
| 1976 | 13 |
| 1977 | 24 |
| 1978 | 8 |
| 1979 | 11 |
| 1980 | 13 |
| 1981 | 15 |
| 1982 | 9 |
| 1983 | 18 |
| 1984 | 9 |
| 1985 | 16 |
| 1986 | 6 |
| 1987 | 12 |
| 1988 | 9 |
| 1989 | 13 |
| 1990 | 14 |
| 1991 | 30 |
| 1992 | 27 |
| 1993 | 7 |
| 1994 | 16 |
| 1995 | 12 |
| 1996 | 16 |
| 1997 | 11 |
| 1998 | 8 |
| 1999 | 7 |
| 2000 | 20 |
| 2001 | 4 |
| 2002 | 12 |
| 2003 | 8 |
| 2004 | 11 |
| 2005 | 6 |
| 2006 | 12 |
| 2007 | 5 |
| 2008 | 4 |
| 2009 | 24 |
| 2010 | 8 |
| 2011 | 13 |
| 2012 | 17 |
| 2013 | 3 |
| 2014 | 5 |
| 2015 | 11 |
| 2016 | 7 |
| 2017 | 3 |
| 2018 | 15 |
| 2019 | 9 |
All-Time Record Progression
3 new records| Date | Kind | Detail |
|---|---|---|
| 1963-05-27 | Record daily precipitation | Record daily precipitation 123.4 mm (4.9 in) |
| 1993-11-24 | Record daily snowfall | Record daily snowfall 40.6 cm (16.0 in) |
| 2018-07-19 | Record daily precipitation | Record daily precipitation 141.0 mm (5.6 in) |
Wettest Day of Each Month
Jul: 141.0 mm (5.6 in)| Month | Record daily precipitation (mm) | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 25.9 mm (1.0 in) | 4 January 1997 |
| Feb | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) | 6 February 1895 |
| Mar | 58.4 mm (2.3 in) | 26 March 1902 |
| Apr | 55.9 mm (2.2 in) | 16 April 2012 |
| May | 123.4 mm (4.9 in) | 27 May 1963 |
| Jun | 122.4 mm (4.8 in) | 18 June 1964 |
| Jul | 141.0 mm (5.6 in) | 19 July 2018 |
| Aug | 112.5 mm (4.4 in) | 26 August 1942 |
| Sep | 104.4 mm (4.1 in) | 24 September 1973 |
| Oct | 69.3 mm (2.7 in) | 15 October 1957 |
| Nov | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) | 1 November 2000 |
| Dec | 23.1 mm (0.9 in) | 25 December 2016 |
Period of Record Coverage
1893 to 2019| Year | Days with data | Share of year | Complete |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1893 | 351 | 96% | Yes |
| 1894 | 159 | 44% | No |
| 1895 | 287 | 79% | No |
| 1896 | 224 | 61% | No |
| 1897 | 193 | 53% | No |
| 1898 | 347 | 95% | Yes |
| 1899 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1900 | 340 | 93% | Yes |
| 1901 | 274 | 75% | No |
| 1902 | 302 | 83% | No |
| 1903 | 244 | 67% | No |
| 1904 | 263 | 72% | No |
| 1905 | 241 | 66% | No |
| 1906 | 233 | 64% | No |
| 1907 | 138 | 38% | No |
| 1908 | 294 | 80% | No |
| 1909 | 333 | 91% | Yes |
| 1910 | 89 | 24% | No |
| 1933 | 244 | 67% | No |
| 1934 | 360 | 99% | Yes |
| 1935 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1936 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1937 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1938 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1939 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1940 | 364 | 99% | Yes |
| 1941 | 333 | 91% | Yes |
| 1942 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1943 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1944 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1945 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1946 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1947 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1948 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1949 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1950 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1951 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1952 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1953 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1954 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1955 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1956 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1957 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1958 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1959 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1960 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1961 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1962 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1963 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1964 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1965 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1966 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1967 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1968 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1969 | 361 | 99% | Yes |
| 1970 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1971 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1972 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1973 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1974 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1975 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1976 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1977 | 333 | 91% | Yes |
| 1978 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1979 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1980 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1981 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1982 | 360 | 99% | Yes |
| 1983 | 358 | 98% | Yes |
| 1984 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1985 | 361 | 99% | Yes |
| 1986 | 360 | 99% | Yes |
| 1987 | 266 | 73% | No |
| 1988 | 182 | 50% | No |
| 1989 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1990 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1991 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1992 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1993 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1994 | 360 | 99% | Yes |
| 1995 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1996 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1997 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1998 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1999 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 2000 | 364 | 99% | Yes |
| 2001 | 267 | 73% | No |
| 2002 | 334 | 92% | Yes |
| 2003 | 280 | 77% | No |
| 2004 | 268 | 73% | No |
| 2005 | 290 | 79% | No |
| 2006 | 291 | 80% | No |
| 2007 | 231 | 63% | No |
| 2008 | 269 | 73% | No |
| 2009 | 304 | 83% | No |
| 2010 | 261 | 72% | No |
| 2011 | 279 | 76% | No |
| 2012 | 278 | 76% | No |
| 2013 | 137 | 38% | No |
| 2014 | 144 | 39% | No |
| 2015 | 229 | 63% | No |
| 2016 | 204 | 56% | No |
| 2017 | 183 | 50% | No |
| 2018 | 352 | 96% | Yes |
| 2019 | 243 | 67% | No |
Latest Records
20| Date | Station | Record | Value | Beat old record by | Old record stood | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 June 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily high min (Tie) | 21.7 C (71.1 F) | tie | 48 years | 6 of 100 (Routine) |
| 21 June 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily rain | 42.4 mm (1.7 in) | 8.1 mm (0.32 in) | 119 years | 46 of 100 (Notable) |
| 4 June 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily high min | 18.3 C (64.9 F) | 0.5 C (0.9 F) | 20 years | 17 of 100 (Routine) |
| 18 May 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily low max | 8.3 C (46.9 F) | 0.6 C (1.1 F) | 50 years | 25 of 100 (Routine) |
| 12 April 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily snowfall | 30.5 cm (12.0 in) | 15.3 cm (6.0 in) | 40 years | 44 of 100 (Notable) |
| 12 April 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily rain | 39.4 mm (1.6 in) | 8.9 mm (0.35 in) | 44 years | 32 of 100 (Routine) |
| 11 April 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily low max | -2.2 C (28.0 F) | 0.5 C (0.9 F) | 78 years | 33 of 100 (Routine) |
| 9 March 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily rain | 11.4 mm (0.4 in) | 2.5 mm (0.10 in) | 16 years | 18 of 100 (Routine) |
| 3 March 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily low min | -27.8 C (-18.0 F) | 1.7 C (3.1 F) | 122 years | 42 of 100 (Notable) |
| 3 March 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily low max | -18.3 C (-0.9 F) | 2.7 C (4.9 F) | 29 years | 21 of 100 (Routine) |
| 2 March 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily low max | -17.8 C (0.0 F) | 1.1 C (2.0 F) | 66 years | 31 of 100 (Routine) |
| 25 February 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily low max | -18.3 C (-0.9 F) | 1.1 C (2.0 F) | 115 years | 41 of 100 (Notable) |
| 23 February 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily snowfall | 20.3 cm (8.0 in) | 10.1 cm (4.0 in) | 32 years | 42 of 100 (Notable) |
| 23 February 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily rain | 8.9 mm (0.35 in) | 3.8 mm (0.15 in) | 28 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 8 February 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily snowfall | 30.5 cm (12.0 in) | 24.1 cm (9.5 in) | 24 years | 57 of 100 (Notable) |
| 8 February 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily rain | 10.7 mm (0.4 in) | 5.6 mm (0.22 in) | 113 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 31 January 2019 | Ellendale, US | monthly snow depth (Tie) | 78.7 cm (31.0 in) | tie | 0 years | 5 of 100 (Routine) |
| 30 January 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily low min | -36.7 C (-34.1 F) | 2.3 C (4.1 F) | 116 years | 42 of 100 (Notable) |
| 30 January 2019 | Ellendale, US | monthly snow depth | 78.7 cm (31.0 in) | 2.5 cm (1.0 in) | 0 years | 22 of 100 (Routine) |
| 30 January 2019 | Ellendale, US | daily low max (Tie) | -25.6 C (-14.1 F) | tie | 15 years | 3 of 100 (Routine) |
Climate Trend
69 complete years, 1893 to 2009| Year | Annual mean temperature | Difference from the station mean |
|---|---|---|
| 1893 | 3.4 C | -2.41 C |
| 1898 | 5.3 C | -0.51 C |
| 1899 | 4.7 C | -1.10 C |
| 1934 | 7.0 C | +1.12 C |
| 1935 | 5.4 C | -0.46 C |
| 1936 | 4.9 C | -0.96 C |
| 1937 | 4.7 C | -1.17 C |
| 1938 | 6.5 C | +0.68 C |
| 1939 | 6.5 C | +0.67 C |
| 1940 | 6.0 C | +0.21 C |
| 1942 | 6.0 C | +0.13 C |
| 1943 | 5.0 C | -0.84 C |
| 1944 | 5.7 C | -0.12 C |
| 1945 | 4.7 C | -1.18 C |
| 1946 | 5.5 C | -0.34 C |
| 1947 | 5.2 C | -0.65 C |
| 1948 | 5.4 C | -0.39 C |
| 1949 | 5.9 C | +0.03 C |
| 1950 | 4.0 C | -1.86 C |
| 1951 | 4.1 C | -1.77 C |
| 1952 | 6.7 C | +0.91 C |
| 1953 | 7.4 C | +1.53 C |
| 1954 | 7.0 C | +1.15 C |
| 1955 | 6.0 C | +0.14 C |
| 1956 | 6.0 C | +0.20 C |
| 1957 | 6.4 C | +0.53 C |
| 1958 | 6.6 C | +0.79 C |
| 1959 | 6.4 C | +0.57 C |
| 1960 | 5.8 C | -0.06 C |
| 1961 | 6.6 C | +0.74 C |
| 1962 | 6.0 C | +0.18 C |
| 1963 | 7.0 C | +1.13 C |
| 1964 | 5.9 C | +0.08 C |
| 1965 | 5.1 C | -0.69 C |
| 1966 | 5.3 C | -0.56 C |
| 1967 | 6.0 C | +0.12 C |
| 1968 | 6.1 C | +0.23 C |
| 1969 | 5.2 C | -0.63 C |
| 1970 | 5.3 C | -0.55 C |
| 1971 | 5.4 C | -0.39 C |
| 1972 | 4.4 C | -1.41 C |
| 1973 | 6.9 C | +1.03 C |
| 1974 | 6.1 C | +0.28 C |
| 1975 | 5.7 C | -0.14 C |
| 1976 | 6.1 C | +0.31 C |
| 1978 | 4.5 C | -1.29 C |
| 1979 | 4.3 C | -1.57 C |
| 1980 | 6.6 C | +0.81 C |
| 1981 | 7.3 C | +1.46 C |
| 1982 | 4.9 C | -0.98 C |
| 1983 | 6.4 C | +0.54 C |
| 1984 | 6.2 C | +0.38 C |
| 1985 | 4.6 C | -1.23 C |
| 1986 | 6.2 C | +0.37 C |
| 1989 | 5.7 C | -0.14 C |
| 1990 | 7.6 C | +1.74 C |
| 1991 | 7.6 C | +1.79 C |
| 1992 | 6.7 C | +0.87 C |
| 1993 | 5.1 C | -0.74 C |
| 1994 | 6.0 C | +0.14 C |
| 1995 | 6.1 C | +0.24 C |
| 1996 | 4.4 C | -1.44 C |
| 1997 | 6.1 C | +0.30 C |
| 1998 | 7.9 C | +2.11 C |
| 1999 | 8.0 C | +2.14 C |
| 2000 | 6.7 C | +0.86 C |
| 2002 | 7.1 C | +1.29 C |
| 2005 | 7.0 C | +1.13 C |
| 2009 | 2.3 C | -3.55 C |
The annual mean temperature here has risen by 0.11 C (0.01 to 0.22) per decade over 1893 to 2009. In Fahrenheit: 0.21 F (0.02 to 0.39) per decade. The slope is a straight line fitted to 69 complete years; the brackets give its 95 percent interval.
| Measure | Per decade (C) | Per decade (F) | Period | Complete years | Reading |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annual mean temperature | 0.11 C (0.01 to 0.22) per decade | 0.21 F (0.02 to 0.39) per decade | 1893 to 2009 | 69 | Rise |
| Mean daily maximum | 0.1 C (-0.1 to 0.2) per decade | 0.1 F (-0.1 to 0.3) per decade | 1893 to 2009 | 69 | Not clearly different from zero |
| Mean daily minimum | 0.2 C (0.1 to 0.3) per decade | 0.3 F (0.1 to 0.5) per decade | 1893 to 2009 | 69 | Rise |
A year is complete when all 12 months have at least 20 days of both daily maximum and daily minimum readings. The annual mean is the mean of the monthly means. The trend describes this one station over this period; it does not say what caused the change.
Extremes by Year
1893 to 2019| Measure | Record | Year of the record | Median year | Years with a value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hottest day (TXx) | 44.4 C (111.9 F) | 1936 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) | 105 |
| Coldest night (TNn) | -40.6 C (-41.1 F) | 1893 | -32.2 C (-26.0 F) | 105 |
| Wettest day (Rx1day) | 141.0 mm (5.6 in) | 2018 | 50.3 mm (2.0 in) | 105 |
| Wettest five days (Rx5day) | 159.6 mm (6.3 in) | 1975 | 71.0 mm (2.8 in) | 104 |
| Longest dry spell (CDD) | 77 days | 1898 | 34 days | 105 |
Hottest day (TXx)
| Year | Hottest day (TXx) |
|---|---|
| 1893 | 38.3 C (100.9 F) |
| 1894 | 38.9 C (102.0 F) |
| 1895 | 39.4 C (102.9 F) |
| 1896 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1897 | 40.0 C (104.0 F) |
| 1898 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1899 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 1900 | 39.4 C (102.9 F) |
| 1901 | 40.0 C (104.0 F) |
| 1902 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1903 | 33.9 C (93.0 F) |
| 1904 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1905 | 34.4 C (93.9 F) |
| 1906 | 41.7 C (107.1 F) |
| 1907 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1908 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1909 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 1910 | 30.6 C (87.1 F) |
| 1933 | 40.6 C (105.1 F) |
| 1934 | 43.3 C (109.9 F) |
| 1935 | 38.9 C (102.0 F) |
| 1936 | 44.4 C (111.9 F) |
| 1937 | 42.8 C (109.0 F) |
| 1938 | 41.7 C (107.1 F) |
| 1939 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1940 | 38.9 C (102.0 F) |
| 1941 | 39.4 C (102.9 F) |
| 1942 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1943 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1944 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1945 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 1946 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1947 | 40.0 C (104.0 F) |
| 1948 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 1949 | 40.6 C (105.1 F) |
| 1950 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 1951 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1952 | 40.6 C (105.1 F) |
| 1953 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1954 | 38.9 C (102.0 F) |
| 1955 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 1956 | 38.9 C (102.0 F) |
| 1957 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1958 | 40.0 C (104.0 F) |
| 1959 | 40.6 C (105.1 F) |
| 1960 | 40.0 C (104.0 F) |
| 1961 | 38.9 C (102.0 F) |
| 1962 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1963 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1964 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1965 | 41.1 C (106.0 F) |
| 1966 | 40.6 C (105.1 F) |
| 1967 | 38.3 C (100.9 F) |
| 1968 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1969 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 1970 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 1971 | 38.3 C (100.9 F) |
| 1972 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1973 | 42.2 C (108.0 F) |
| 1974 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 1975 | 39.4 C (102.9 F) |
| 1976 | 40.0 C (104.0 F) |
| 1977 | 41.1 C (106.0 F) |
| 1978 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 1979 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1980 | 40.6 C (105.1 F) |
| 1981 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 1982 | 40.6 C (105.1 F) |
| 1983 | 40.0 C (104.0 F) |
| 1984 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 1985 | 39.4 C (102.9 F) |
| 1986 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1987 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 1988 | 40.6 C (105.1 F) |
| 1989 | 40.0 C (104.0 F) |
| 1990 | 33.9 C (93.0 F) |
| 1991 | 38.3 C (100.9 F) |
| 1992 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1993 | 33.9 C (93.0 F) |
| 1994 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1995 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1996 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1997 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1998 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1999 | 38.3 C (100.9 F) |
| 2000 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 2001 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 2002 | 39.4 C (102.9 F) |
| 2003 | 41.1 C (106.0 F) |
| 2004 | 34.4 C (93.9 F) |
| 2005 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 2006 | 42.2 C (108.0 F) |
| 2007 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 2008 | 34.4 C (93.9 F) |
| 2009 | 30.0 C (86.0 F) |
| 2010 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 2011 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 2012 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 2013 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 2014 | 31.7 C (89.1 F) |
| 2015 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 2016 | 33.9 C (93.0 F) |
| 2017 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 2018 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 2019 | 32.8 C (91.0 F) |
Coldest night (TNn)
| Year | Coldest night (TNn) |
|---|---|
| 1893 | -40.6 C (-41.1 F) |
| 1894 | -28.3 C (-18.9 F) |
| 1895 | -37.2 C (-35.0 F) |
| 1896 | -31.1 C (-24.0 F) |
| 1897 | -29.4 C (-20.9 F) |
| 1898 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1899 | -37.2 C (-35.0 F) |
| 1900 | -32.2 C (-26.0 F) |
| 1901 | -35.0 C (-31.0 F) |
| 1902 | -33.3 C (-27.9 F) |
| 1903 | -35.0 C (-31.0 F) |
| 1904 | -38.3 C (-36.9 F) |
| 1905 | -36.7 C (-34.1 F) |
| 1906 | -29.4 C (-20.9 F) |
| 1907 | -36.1 C (-33.0 F) |
| 1908 | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) |
| 1909 | -34.4 C (-29.9 F) |
| 1910 | -35.0 C (-31.0 F) |
| 1933 | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) |
| 1934 | -28.3 C (-18.9 F) |
| 1935 | -32.8 C (-27.0 F) |
| 1936 | -39.4 C (-38.9 F) |
| 1937 | -35.0 C (-31.0 F) |
| 1938 | -31.1 C (-24.0 F) |
| 1939 | -36.1 C (-33.0 F) |
| 1940 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1941 | -29.4 C (-20.9 F) |
| 1942 | -32.8 C (-27.0 F) |
| 1943 | -35.6 C (-32.1 F) |
| 1944 | -33.3 C (-27.9 F) |
| 1945 | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) |
| 1946 | -31.1 C (-24.0 F) |
| 1947 | -33.3 C (-27.9 F) |
| 1948 | -35.0 C (-31.0 F) |
| 1949 | -31.1 C (-24.0 F) |
| 1950 | -34.4 C (-29.9 F) |
| 1951 | -34.4 C (-29.9 F) |
| 1952 | -30.0 C (-22.0 F) |
| 1953 | -26.1 C (-15.0 F) |
| 1954 | -34.4 C (-29.9 F) |
| 1955 | -33.9 C (-29.0 F) |
| 1956 | -34.4 C (-29.9 F) |
| 1957 | -32.2 C (-26.0 F) |
| 1958 | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) |
| 1959 | -32.2 C (-26.0 F) |
| 1960 | -33.3 C (-27.9 F) |
| 1961 | -33.3 C (-27.9 F) |
| 1962 | -32.8 C (-27.0 F) |
| 1963 | -32.8 C (-27.0 F) |
| 1964 | -30.0 C (-22.0 F) |
| 1965 | -31.1 C (-24.0 F) |
| 1966 | -33.3 C (-27.9 F) |
| 1967 | -36.1 C (-33.0 F) |
| 1968 | -34.4 C (-29.9 F) |
| 1969 | -30.0 C (-22.0 F) |
| 1970 | -36.7 C (-34.1 F) |
| 1971 | -34.4 C (-29.9 F) |
| 1972 | -38.3 C (-36.9 F) |
| 1973 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1974 | -32.2 C (-26.0 F) |
| 1975 | -30.0 C (-22.0 F) |
| 1976 | -32.8 C (-27.0 F) |
| 1977 | -36.1 C (-33.0 F) |
| 1978 | -32.8 C (-27.0 F) |
| 1979 | -32.8 C (-27.0 F) |
| 1980 | -31.1 C (-24.0 F) |
| 1981 | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) |
| 1982 | -36.1 C (-33.0 F) |
| 1983 | -36.7 C (-34.1 F) |
| 1984 | -33.9 C (-29.0 F) |
| 1985 | -36.1 C (-33.0 F) |
| 1986 | -32.8 C (-27.0 F) |
| 1987 | -25.6 C (-14.1 F) |
| 1988 | -25.0 C (-13.0 F) |
| 1989 | -35.6 C (-32.1 F) |
| 1990 | -36.7 C (-34.1 F) |
| 1991 | -27.8 C (-18.0 F) |
| 1992 | -26.7 C (-16.1 F) |
| 1993 | -32.2 C (-26.0 F) |
| 1994 | -38.3 C (-36.9 F) |
| 1995 | -28.9 C (-20.0 F) |
| 1996 | -36.7 C (-34.1 F) |
| 1997 | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) |
| 1998 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1999 | -31.1 C (-24.0 F) |
| 2000 | -30.0 C (-22.0 F) |
| 2001 | -29.4 C (-20.9 F) |
| 2002 | -24.4 C (-11.9 F) |
| 2003 | -27.8 C (-18.0 F) |
| 2004 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 2005 | -34.4 C (-29.9 F) |
| 2006 | -28.3 C (-18.9 F) |
| 2007 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 2008 | -31.1 C (-24.0 F) |
| 2009 | -35.6 C (-32.1 F) |
| 2010 | -36.1 C (-33.0 F) |
| 2011 | -30.0 C (-22.0 F) |
| 2012 | -25.6 C (-14.1 F) |
| 2013 | -29.4 C (-20.9 F) |
| 2014 | -28.3 C (-18.9 F) |
| 2015 | -27.8 C (-18.0 F) |
| 2016 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 2017 | -27.8 C (-18.0 F) |
| 2018 | -27.2 C (-17.0 F) |
| 2019 | -36.7 C (-34.1 F) |
Wettest day (Rx1day)
| Year | Wettest day (Rx1day) |
|---|---|
| 1893 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1894 | 23.4 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1895 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1896 | 42.7 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1897 | 40.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1898 | 22.9 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1899 | 53.3 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1900 | 48.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1901 | 43.2 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1902 | 58.4 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1903 | 63.5 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1904 | 48.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1905 | 57.2 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1906 | 27.7 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1907 | 19.1 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1908 | 35.6 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1909 | 34.8 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1910 | 21.3 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1933 | 31.0 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1934 | 66.5 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1935 | 53.8 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1936 | 20.3 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1937 | 59.9 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1938 | 42.4 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1939 | 75.4 mm (3.0 in) |
| 1940 | 47.0 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1941 | 40.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1942 | 112.5 mm (4.4 in) |
| 1943 | 30.0 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1944 | 45.2 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1945 | 21.1 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1946 | 54.4 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1947 | 62.7 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1948 | 41.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1949 | 58.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1950 | 57.4 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1951 | 47.0 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1952 | 23.1 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1953 | 47.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1954 | 49.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1955 | 46.5 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1956 | 53.8 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1957 | 70.9 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1958 | 62.0 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1959 | 24.1 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1960 | 43.7 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1961 | 51.6 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1962 | 65.3 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1963 | 123.4 mm (4.9 in) |
| 1964 | 122.4 mm (4.8 in) |
| 1965 | 39.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1966 | 65.5 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1967 | 42.7 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1968 | 101.1 mm (4.0 in) |
| 1969 | 94.7 mm (3.7 in) |
| 1970 | 32.8 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1971 | 91.2 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1972 | 36.6 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1973 | 104.4 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1974 | 30.5 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1975 | 85.9 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1976 | 64.5 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1977 | 37.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1978 | 63.8 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1979 | 39.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1980 | 38.6 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1981 | 64.0 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1982 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1983 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1984 | 43.4 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1985 | 27.7 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1986 | 50.3 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1987 | 69.3 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1988 | 65.3 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1989 | 34.8 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1990 | 55.9 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1991 | 85.1 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1992 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1993 | 57.2 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1994 | 111.8 mm (4.4 in) |
| 1995 | 57.4 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1996 | 73.7 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1997 | 31.8 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1998 | 69.1 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1999 | 66.0 mm (2.6 in) |
| 2000 | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 2001 | 28.2 mm (1.1 in) |
| 2002 | 48.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 2003 | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 2004 | 48.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 2005 | 49.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 2006 | 33.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 2007 | 91.4 mm (3.6 in) |
| 2008 | 51.6 mm (2.0 in) |
| 2009 | 29.5 mm (1.2 in) |
| 2010 | 43.2 mm (1.7 in) |
| 2011 | 83.8 mm (3.3 in) |
| 2012 | 55.9 mm (2.2 in) |
| 2013 | 12.7 mm (0.5 in) |
| 2014 | 7.6 mm (0.30 in) |
| 2015 | 114.3 mm (4.5 in) |
| 2016 | 69.9 mm (2.8 in) |
| 2017 | 91.9 mm (3.6 in) |
| 2018 | 141.0 mm (5.6 in) |
| 2019 | 42.4 mm (1.7 in) |
Wettest five days (Rx5day)
| Year | Wettest five days (Rx5day) |
|---|---|
| 1893 | 44.5 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1894 | 27.7 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1895 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1896 | 57.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1897 | 81.3 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1898 | 55.2 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1899 | 93.4 mm (3.7 in) |
| 1900 | 88.9 mm (3.5 in) |
| 1901 | 43.2 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1902 | 72.4 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1903 | 61.0 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1904 | 66.1 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1905 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1906 | 48.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1907 | 19.1 mm (0.8 in) |
| 1908 | 66.6 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1909 | 67.8 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1910 | 29.4 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1933 | 53.4 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1934 | 80.7 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1935 | 99.0 mm (3.9 in) |
| 1936 | 27.2 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1937 | 62.7 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1938 | 53.4 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1939 | 77.4 mm (3.0 in) |
| 1940 | 67.8 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1941 | 77.7 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1942 | 125.5 mm (4.9 in) |
| 1943 | 53.1 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1944 | 69.9 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1945 | 39.0 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1946 | 80.8 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1947 | 79.2 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1948 | 78.0 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1949 | 59.2 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1950 | 114.1 mm (4.5 in) |
| 1951 | 80.8 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1952 | 44.4 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1953 | 71.4 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1954 | 69.3 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1955 | 55.6 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1956 | 70.6 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1957 | 91.7 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1958 | 67.3 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1959 | 43.2 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1960 | 89.5 mm (3.5 in) |
| 1961 | 84.6 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1962 | 103.1 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1963 | 131.8 mm (5.2 in) |
| 1964 | 151.6 mm (6.0 in) |
| 1965 | 54.1 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1966 | 82.2 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1967 | 63.0 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1968 | 101.1 mm (4.0 in) |
| 1969 | 96.5 mm (3.8 in) |
| 1970 | 48.6 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1971 | 91.2 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1972 | 44.0 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1973 | 127.6 mm (5.0 in) |
| 1974 | 46.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1975 | 159.6 mm (6.3 in) |
| 1976 | 71.9 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1977 | 53.3 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1978 | 104.1 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1979 | 53.9 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1980 | 54.7 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1981 | 101.6 mm (4.0 in) |
| 1982 | 134.8 mm (5.3 in) |
| 1983 | 60.2 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1984 | 62.1 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1985 | 63.2 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1986 | 98.8 mm (3.9 in) |
| 1987 | 78.2 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1988 | 81.6 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1989 | 47.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1990 | 82.6 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1991 | 85.1 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1992 | 102.6 mm (4.0 in) |
| 1993 | 83.5 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1994 | 151.4 mm (6.0 in) |
| 1995 | 112.6 mm (4.4 in) |
| 1996 | 87.7 mm (3.5 in) |
| 1997 | 57.6 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1998 | 85.1 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1999 | 97.0 mm (3.8 in) |
| 2000 | 51.1 mm (2.0 in) |
| 2001 | 45.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 2002 | 77.7 mm (3.1 in) |
| 2003 | 78.8 mm (3.1 in) |
| 2004 | 48.0 mm (1.9 in) |
| 2005 | 90.9 mm (3.6 in) |
| 2006 | 63.5 mm (2.5 in) |
| 2007 | 91.9 mm (3.6 in) |
| 2008 | 84.9 mm (3.3 in) |
| 2009 | 43.7 mm (1.7 in) |
| 2010 | 63.8 mm (2.5 in) |
| 2011 | n/a |
| 2012 | 11.4 mm (0.4 in) |
| 2013 | 12.7 mm (0.5 in) |
| 2014 | 7.6 mm (0.30 in) |
| 2015 | 134.6 mm (5.3 in) |
| 2016 | 94.3 mm (3.7 in) |
| 2017 | 108.1 mm (4.3 in) |
| 2018 | 152.9 mm (6.0 in) |
| 2019 | 47.7 mm (1.9 in) |
Longest dry spell (CDD)
| Year | Longest dry spell (CDD) |
|---|---|
| 1893 | 48 days |
| 1894 | 31 days |
| 1895 | 25 days |
| 1896 | 42 days |
| 1897 | 73 days |
| 1898 | 77 days |
| 1899 | 54 days |
| 1900 | 53 days |
| 1901 | 38 days |
| 1902 | 32 days |
| 1903 | 18 days |
| 1904 | 40 days |
| 1905 | 33 days |
| 1906 | 22 days |
| 1907 | 31 days |
| 1908 | 28 days |
| 1909 | 65 days |
| 1910 | 41 days |
| 1933 | 42 days |
| 1934 | 74 days |
| 1935 | 24 days |
| 1936 | 33 days |
| 1937 | 35 days |
| 1938 | 41 days |
| 1939 | 53 days |
| 1940 | 33 days |
| 1941 | 34 days |
| 1942 | 38 days |
| 1943 | 36 days |
| 1944 | 33 days |
| 1945 | 71 days |
| 1946 | 22 days |
| 1947 | 35 days |
| 1948 | 25 days |
| 1949 | 26 days |
| 1950 | 36 days |
| 1951 | 36 days |
| 1952 | 34 days |
| 1953 | 25 days |
| 1954 | 32 days |
| 1955 | 49 days |
| 1956 | 41 days |
| 1957 | 26 days |
| 1958 | 38 days |
| 1959 | 42 days |
| 1960 | 35 days |
| 1961 | 34 days |
| 1962 | 24 days |
| 1963 | 46 days |
| 1964 | 58 days |
| 1965 | 23 days |
| 1966 | 25 days |
| 1967 | 28 days |
| 1968 | 50 days |
| 1969 | 34 days |
| 1970 | 42 days |
| 1971 | 73 days |
| 1972 | 26 days |
| 1973 | 64 days |
| 1974 | 60 days |
| 1975 | 36 days |
| 1976 | 37 days |
| 1977 | 26 days |
| 1978 | 40 days |
| 1979 | 36 days |
| 1980 | 39 days |
| 1981 | 57 days |
| 1982 | 30 days |
| 1983 | 53 days |
| 1984 | 28 days |
| 1985 | 44 days |
| 1986 | 43 days |
| 1987 | 48 days |
| 1988 | 22 days |
| 1989 | 37 days |
| 1990 | 42 days |
| 1991 | 36 days |
| 1992 | 53 days |
| 1993 | 24 days |
| 1994 | 25 days |
| 1995 | 32 days |
| 1996 | 37 days |
| 1997 | 28 days |
| 1998 | 27 days |
| 1999 | 74 days |
| 2000 | 19 days |
| 2001 | 30 days |
| 2002 | 34 days |
| 2003 | 33 days |
| 2004 | 31 days |
| 2005 | 46 days |
| 2006 | 29 days |
| 2007 | 43 days |
| 2008 | 24 days |
| 2009 | 27 days |
| 2010 | 22 days |
| 2011 | 1 day |
| 2012 | 31 days |
| 2013 | 19 days |
| 2014 | 27 days |
| 2015 | 14 days |
| 2016 | 21 days |
| 2017 | 39 days |
| 2018 | 33 days |
| 2019 | 28 days |
Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.
Frost Dates and Growing Season
69 years with a frostAcross 69 years with a frost, the median last spring frost at Ellendale falls on 11 May and the median first autumn frost on 22 September, which leaves a median of 134 days between them.
In 1971 to 2009 the median growing season was 136 days. That is 3 days more than in 1893 to 1961.
Fitted over all years, the growing season changes by +1.7 days per decade at this station.
| Measure | Median, all years | Earliest period (1893 to 1961) | Recent period (1971 to 2009) | Recent against earliest | Fitted trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last spring frost | 11 May | 11 May | 10 May | 1 day earlier | -0.9 days per decade |
| First autumn frost | 22 September | 22 September | 21 September | 1 day earlier | +0.8 days per decade |
| Growing days | 134 days | 133 days | 136 days | 3 days more | +1.7 days per decade |
A frost day is a day with a daily minimum at or below 0 C (32 F). The last spring frost and the first autumn frost are the last and first such days of the cold season, and growing days are the days between them. A negative trend for the last spring frost means it comes earlier.
Rainfall Return Levels
73 years, 1898 to 2018A day with at least 52.0 mm (2.0 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 149.7 mm (5.9 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.
| Expected about once in | A day with at least | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 2 years | 52.0 mm (2.0 in) | |
| 5 years | 74.4 mm (2.9 in) | |
| 10 years | 90.6 mm (3.6 in) | |
| 25 years | 112.9 mm (4.4 in) | |
| 50 years | 130.7 mm (5.1 in) | |
| 100 years | 149.7 mm (5.9 in) | Longer than the 73 years of record |
The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 73 years of values from 1898 to 2018.
A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.
The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 141.0 mm (5.6 in) in 2018; 123.4 mm (4.9 in) in 1963; 122.4 mm (4.8 in) in 1964.
Station Changes
2 suspected2 changes were suspected in the annual mean temperature of Ellendale, at 1969 and 1989. Each is measured against neighbouring stations.
- Relative to 5 neighbouring stations, the station's annual mean temperature from 1969 ran 0.5 C (0.9 F) lower than in the years before (likely change).
- Relative to 5 neighbouring stations, the station's annual mean temperature from 1989 ran 0.3 C (0.5 F) higher than in the years before (possible change).
| Year | Shift (C) | Shift (F) | Strength | Neighbours |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | -0.5 | -0.9 | likely | 5 |
| 1989 | +0.3 | +0.5 | possible | 5 |
Possible change at the station (a move, a new instrument or a new site); the record is kept as measured. A "likely" change has a larger test statistic than a "possible" one. Neither says why the station differs from its neighbours. How changes are found, and the largest ones.
Download the Data
Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-17 (17 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.
Data as of . Last revised (2025-12-31).