Mio Hydro Plt Weather Records (USC00205531)
Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Mio Hydro Plt (USC00205531), Michigan, United States, with 115 years of record.
Key Facts for Mio Hydro Plt
- Mio Hydro Plt (USC00205531) is a weather station in Michigan, United States at 44.66 latitude and -84.13 longitude, 293 m (960 ft) above sea level.
- The station reports from 1892 to 2006, 115 years of record.
- 1,464 records set at Mio Hydro Plt still stand.
- Records are tracked for tmax, tmin, prcp, snow, snwd: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
- Mio Hydro Plt set a daily record high maximum temperature of 10.6 C (51.1 F) on 18 December 2006.
About the Station
- Location: Michigan, United States, 44.66 latitude, -84.13 longitude.
- Elevation: 293 m (960 ft).
- Period of record: 1892 to 2006, 115 years.
- Eligible elements: tmax, tmin, prcp, snow, snwd.
Daily Record Envelope and 2026
0 days at or beyond a record| Month | Highest record high | Lowest record low | 2026 highest maximum | 2026 lowest minimum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16.1 C (61.0 F) | -38.9 C (-38.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Feb | 17.2 C (63.0 F) | -43.9 C (-47.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Mar | 25.6 C (78.1 F) | -39.4 C (-38.9 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Apr | 32.2 C (90.0 F) | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) | n/a | n/a |
| May | 35.6 C (96.1 F) | -8.3 C (17.1 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Jun | 39.4 C (102.9 F) | -3.3 C (26.1 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Jul | 44.4 C (111.9 F) | -1.7 C (28.9 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Aug | 37.8 C (100.0 F) | -4.4 C (24.1 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Sep | 35.6 C (96.1 F) | -7.2 C (19.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Oct | 30.6 C (87.1 F) | -15.0 C (5.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Nov | 23.9 C (75.0 F) | -23.9 C (-11.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
| Dec | 18.9 C (66.0 F) | -36.1 C (-33.0 F) | n/a | n/a |
Which Years Hold Standing Records
1,464 standing records| Year set | Standing records |
|---|---|
| 1893 | 7 |
| 1894 | 2 |
| 1896 | 33 |
| 1897 | 18 |
| 1898 | 16 |
| 1899 | 35 |
| 1900 | 8 |
| 1901 | 13 |
| 1902 | 12 |
| 1903 | 20 |
| 1904 | 12 |
| 1906 | 16 |
| 1917 | 14 |
| 1918 | 39 |
| 1919 | 17 |
| 1920 | 24 |
| 1921 | 32 |
| 1922 | 6 |
| 1923 | 25 |
| 1924 | 12 |
| 1925 | 24 |
| 1926 | 22 |
| 1927 | 24 |
| 1928 | 14 |
| 1929 | 26 |
| 1930 | 31 |
| 1931 | 28 |
| 1932 | 11 |
| 1933 | 21 |
| 1934 | 31 |
| 1935 | 6 |
| 1936 | 39 |
| 1937 | 7 |
| 1938 | 13 |
| 1939 | 16 |
| 1940 | 9 |
| 1941 | 20 |
| 1942 | 14 |
| 1943 | 16 |
| 1944 | 23 |
| 1945 | 26 |
| 1946 | 20 |
| 1947 | 27 |
| 1948 | 17 |
| 1949 | 18 |
| 1950 | 25 |
| 1951 | 14 |
| 1952 | 7 |
| 1953 | 11 |
| 1954 | 11 |
| 1955 | 10 |
| 1956 | 12 |
| 1957 | 7 |
| 1958 | 8 |
| 1959 | 8 |
| 1960 | 1 |
| 1961 | 4 |
| 1962 | 5 |
| 1963 | 13 |
| 1964 | 18 |
| 1965 | 12 |
| 1966 | 12 |
| 1967 | 7 |
| 1968 | 10 |
| 1969 | 10 |
| 1970 | 7 |
| 1971 | 10 |
| 1972 | 10 |
| 1973 | 15 |
| 1974 | 14 |
| 1975 | 8 |
| 1976 | 13 |
| 1977 | 11 |
| 1978 | 3 |
| 1979 | 14 |
| 1980 | 9 |
| 1981 | 13 |
| 1982 | 10 |
| 1983 | 12 |
| 1984 | 11 |
| 1985 | 8 |
| 1986 | 11 |
| 1987 | 12 |
| 1988 | 10 |
| 1989 | 14 |
| 1990 | 17 |
| 1991 | 18 |
| 1992 | 5 |
| 1993 | 5 |
| 1994 | 8 |
| 1995 | 9 |
| 1996 | 9 |
| 1997 | 9 |
| 1998 | 15 |
| 1999 | 13 |
| 2000 | 10 |
| 2001 | 11 |
| 2002 | 12 |
| 2003 | 7 |
| 2004 | 5 |
| 2005 | 14 |
| 2006 | 13 |
All-Time Record Progression
3 new records| Date | Kind | Detail |
|---|---|---|
| 1947-08-20 | Record daily precipitation | Record daily precipitation 77.0 mm (3.0 in) |
| 1990-08-19 | Record daily precipitation | Record daily precipitation 79.5 mm (3.1 in) |
| 2006-07-18 | Record daily precipitation | Record daily precipitation 95.3 mm (3.8 in) |
Wettest Day of Each Month
Jul: 95.3 mm (3.8 in)| Month | Record daily precipitation (mm) | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 33.8 mm (1.3 in) | 12 January 1898 |
| Feb | 36.6 mm (1.4 in) | 20 February 1971 |
| Mar | 53.8 mm (2.1 in) | 31 March 1998 |
| Apr | 40.4 mm (1.6 in) | 25 April 1929 |
| May | 53.1 mm (2.1 in) | 26 May 1932 |
| Jun | 75.7 mm (3.0 in) | 28 June 1931 |
| Jul | 95.3 mm (3.8 in) | 18 July 2006 |
| Aug | 79.5 mm (3.1 in) | 19 August 1990 |
| Sep | 58.7 mm (2.3 in) | 26 September 2005 |
| Oct | 53.3 mm (2.1 in) | 20 October 1988 |
| Nov | 44.5 mm (1.8 in) | 29 November 1919 |
| Dec | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) | 13 December 2004 |
Period of Record Coverage
1892 to 2006| Year | Days with data | Share of year | Complete |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1892 | 37 | 10% | No |
| 1893 | 268 | 73% | No |
| 1894 | 111 | 30% | No |
| 1896 | 165 | 45% | No |
| 1897 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1898 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1899 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1900 | 90 | 25% | No |
| 1901 | 272 | 75% | No |
| 1902 | 357 | 98% | Yes |
| 1903 | 358 | 98% | Yes |
| 1904 | 213 | 58% | No |
| 1905 | 61 | 17% | No |
| 1906 | 341 | 93% | Yes |
| 1917 | 296 | 81% | No |
| 1918 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1919 | 359 | 98% | Yes |
| 1920 | 357 | 98% | Yes |
| 1921 | 346 | 95% | Yes |
| 1922 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1923 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1924 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1925 | 359 | 98% | Yes |
| 1926 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1927 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1928 | 364 | 99% | Yes |
| 1929 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1930 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1931 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1932 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1933 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1934 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1935 | 358 | 98% | Yes |
| 1936 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1937 | 358 | 98% | Yes |
| 1938 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1939 | 356 | 98% | Yes |
| 1940 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1941 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1942 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1943 | 361 | 99% | Yes |
| 1944 | 364 | 99% | Yes |
| 1945 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1946 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1947 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1948 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1949 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1950 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1951 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1952 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1953 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1954 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1955 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1956 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1957 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1958 | 354 | 97% | Yes |
| 1959 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1960 | 325 | 89% | No |
| 1961 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1962 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1963 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1964 | 360 | 98% | Yes |
| 1965 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1966 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1967 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1968 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1969 | 359 | 98% | Yes |
| 1970 | 359 | 98% | Yes |
| 1971 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1972 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1973 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1974 | 361 | 99% | Yes |
| 1975 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1976 | 364 | 99% | Yes |
| 1977 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1978 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1979 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1980 | 364 | 99% | Yes |
| 1981 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 1982 | 328 | 90% | No |
| 1983 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1984 | 361 | 99% | Yes |
| 1985 | 358 | 98% | Yes |
| 1986 | 364 | 100% | Yes |
| 1987 | 302 | 83% | No |
| 1988 | 366 | 100% | Yes |
| 1989 | 335 | 92% | Yes |
| 1990 | 361 | 99% | Yes |
| 1991 | 360 | 99% | Yes |
| 1992 | 329 | 90% | No |
| 1993 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1994 | 361 | 99% | Yes |
| 1995 | 328 | 90% | No |
| 1996 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1997 | 362 | 99% | Yes |
| 1998 | 365 | 100% | Yes |
| 1999 | 361 | 99% | Yes |
| 2000 | 347 | 95% | Yes |
| 2001 | 360 | 99% | Yes |
| 2002 | 363 | 99% | Yes |
| 2003 | 352 | 96% | Yes |
| 2004 | 360 | 98% | Yes |
| 2005 | 337 | 92% | Yes |
| 2006 | 350 | 96% | Yes |
Latest Records
20| Date | Station | Record | Value | Beat old record by | Old record stood | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 December 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily high max | 10.6 C (51.1 F) | 0.6 C (1.1 F) | 75 years | 33 of 100 (Routine) |
| 18 December 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily high min (Tie) | 0.0 C (32.0 F) | tie | 16 years | 3 of 100 (Routine) |
| 28 November 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily high min | 4.4 C (39.9 F) | 1.1 C (2.0 F) | 72 years | 33 of 100 (Routine) |
| 26 November 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily high min | 5.6 C (42.1 F) | 2.3 C (4.1 F) | 4 years | 15 of 100 (Routine) |
| 11 November 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily snowfall | 10.2 cm (4.0 in) | 5.1 cm (2.0 in) | 72 years | 43 of 100 (Notable) |
| 11 November 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily rain | 22.6 mm (0.9 in) | 4.1 mm (0.16 in) | 11 years | 19 of 100 (Routine) |
| 29 October 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily rain | 14.5 mm (0.6 in) | 1.5 mm (0.06 in) | 44 years | 20 of 100 (Routine) |
| 13 October 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily low max | 1.1 C (34.0 F) | 4.5 C (8.1 F) | 67 years | 37 of 100 (Notable) |
| 4 October 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily rain | 47.2 mm (1.9 in) | 14.4 mm (0.6 in) | 73 years | 51 of 100 (Notable) |
| 25 August 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily rain | 29.5 mm (1.2 in) | 6.6 mm (0.26 in) | 104 years | 46 of 100 (Notable) |
| 4 August 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily high max | 36.1 C (97.0 F) | 1.1 C (2.0 F) | 17 years | 17 of 100 (Routine) |
| 1 August 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily high min | 22.2 C (72.0 F) | 2.2 C (4.0 F) | 51 years | 29 of 100 (Routine) |
| 29 July 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily high min | 22.8 C (73.0 F) | 1.1 C (2.0 F) | 65 years | 31 of 100 (Routine) |
| 26 July 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily high min (Tie) | 20.0 C (68.0 F) | tie | 52 years | 6 of 100 (Routine) |
| 18 July 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | all-time rain | 95.3 mm (3.8 in) | 15.8 mm (0.6 in) | 15 years | 48 of 100 (Notable) |
| 17 July 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily high min | 22.2 C (72.0 F) | 1.1 C (2.0 F) | 7 years | 14 of 100 (Routine) |
| 27 June 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily rain | 31.8 mm (1.3 in) | 0.8 mm (0.03 in) | 20 years | 16 of 100 (Routine) |
| 18 June 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | monthly high min (Tie) | 23.3 C (73.9 F) | tie | 40 years | 8 of 100 (Routine) |
| 31 May 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | monthly high min (Tie) | 19.4 C (66.9 F) | tie | 88 years | 11 of 100 (Routine) |
| 30 May 2006 | Mio Hydro Plt, US | daily high min (Tie) | 18.3 C (64.9 F) | tie | 76 years | 8 of 100 (Routine) |
Climate Trend
87 complete years, 1897 to 2006| Year | Annual mean temperature | Difference from the station mean |
|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 5.3 C | -1.01 C |
| 1898 | 6.0 C | -0.33 C |
| 1899 | 5.3 C | -0.99 C |
| 1902 | 6.1 C | -0.19 C |
| 1903 | 5.4 C | -0.84 C |
| 1918 | 5.7 C | -0.59 C |
| 1919 | 6.9 C | +0.63 C |
| 1920 | 6.3 C | +0.01 C |
| 1921 | 9.1 C | +2.84 C |
| 1922 | 6.9 C | +0.57 C |
| 1923 | 4.9 C | -1.37 C |
| 1924 | 4.2 C | -2.04 C |
| 1925 | 5.2 C | -1.06 C |
| 1926 | 4.5 C | -1.83 C |
| 1927 | 5.7 C | -0.56 C |
| 1928 | 5.5 C | -0.81 C |
| 1929 | 5.1 C | -1.17 C |
| 1930 | 6.6 C | +0.33 C |
| 1931 | 7.9 C | +1.64 C |
| 1932 | 6.0 C | -0.30 C |
| 1933 | 5.8 C | -0.46 C |
| 1934 | 4.9 C | -1.38 C |
| 1935 | 4.9 C | -1.43 C |
| 1936 | 5.0 C | -1.25 C |
| 1937 | 5.7 C | -0.61 C |
| 1938 | 6.8 C | +0.54 C |
| 1939 | 6.4 C | +0.15 C |
| 1940 | 5.4 C | -0.86 C |
| 1941 | 6.9 C | +0.64 C |
| 1942 | 6.4 C | +0.12 C |
| 1943 | 5.3 C | -0.97 C |
| 1944 | 6.9 C | +0.64 C |
| 1945 | 5.6 C | -0.66 C |
| 1946 | 6.0 C | -0.26 C |
| 1947 | 5.6 C | -0.72 C |
| 1948 | 5.5 C | -0.75 C |
| 1949 | 6.6 C | +0.36 C |
| 1950 | 5.3 C | -1.03 C |
| 1951 | 5.8 C | -0.49 C |
| 1952 | 6.6 C | +0.31 C |
| 1953 | 7.2 C | +0.91 C |
| 1954 | 6.0 C | -0.26 C |
| 1955 | 6.6 C | +0.34 C |
| 1956 | 5.3 C | -0.97 C |
| 1957 | 5.8 C | -0.48 C |
| 1958 | 5.4 C | -0.92 C |
| 1959 | 5.9 C | -0.34 C |
| 1961 | 6.1 C | -0.23 C |
| 1962 | 5.3 C | -0.96 C |
| 1963 | 5.3 C | -0.96 C |
| 1964 | 6.5 C | +0.17 C |
| 1965 | 6.5 C | +0.22 C |
| 1966 | 6.7 C | +0.38 C |
| 1967 | 6.1 C | -0.14 C |
| 1968 | 6.9 C | +0.58 C |
| 1969 | 6.5 C | +0.18 C |
| 1970 | 6.8 C | +0.52 C |
| 1971 | 7.0 C | +0.73 C |
| 1972 | 5.8 C | -0.52 C |
| 1973 | 7.9 C | +1.57 C |
| 1974 | 6.5 C | +0.19 C |
| 1975 | 7.2 C | +0.93 C |
| 1976 | 6.2 C | -0.09 C |
| 1977 | 7.0 C | +0.75 C |
| 1978 | 6.1 C | -0.19 C |
| 1979 | 5.7 C | -0.60 C |
| 1980 | 5.4 C | -0.84 C |
| 1981 | 6.6 C | +0.28 C |
| 1983 | 7.0 C | +0.69 C |
| 1984 | 6.6 C | +0.35 C |
| 1985 | 6.2 C | -0.10 C |
| 1986 | 6.7 C | +0.39 C |
| 1988 | 6.6 C | +0.35 C |
| 1990 | 7.3 C | +0.97 C |
| 1991 | 7.4 C | +1.10 C |
| 1993 | 6.0 C | -0.31 C |
| 1996 | 5.5 C | -0.74 C |
| 1997 | 6.0 C | -0.33 C |
| 1998 | 8.9 C | +2.57 C |
| 1999 | 7.6 C | +1.36 C |
| 2000 | 6.9 C | +0.57 C |
| 2001 | 8.2 C | +1.89 C |
| 2002 | 7.5 C | +1.17 C |
| 2003 | 6.6 C | +0.27 C |
| 2004 | 7.0 C | +0.72 C |
| 2005 | 7.9 C | +1.60 C |
| 2006 | 8.6 C | +2.27 C |
The annual mean temperature here has risen by 0.2 C (0.1 to 0.2) per decade over 1897 to 2006. In Fahrenheit: 0.3 F (0.2 to 0.4) per decade. The slope is a straight line fitted to 87 complete years; the brackets give its 95 percent interval.
| Measure | Per decade (C) | Per decade (F) | Period | Complete years | Reading |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annual mean temperature | 0.2 C (0.1 to 0.2) per decade | 0.3 F (0.2 to 0.4) per decade | 1897 to 2006 | 87 | Rise |
| Mean daily maximum | 0.1 C (0.1 to 0.2) per decade | 0.2 F (0.1 to 0.3) per decade | 1897 to 2006 | 87 | Rise |
| Mean daily minimum | 0.2 C (0.1 to 0.3) per decade | 0.4 F (0.2 to 0.5) per decade | 1897 to 2006 | 87 | Rise |
A year is complete when all 12 months have at least 20 days of both daily maximum and daily minimum readings. The annual mean is the mean of the monthly means. The trend describes this one station over this period; it does not say what caused the change.
Extremes by Year
1892 to 2006| Measure | Record | Year of the record | Median year | Years with a value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hottest day (TXx) | 44.4 C (111.9 F) | 1936 | 34.4 C (93.9 F) | 104 |
| Coldest night (TNn) | -43.9 C (-47.0 F) | 1918 | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) | 104 |
| Wettest day (Rx1day) | 95.3 mm (3.8 in) | 2006 | 40.6 mm (1.6 in) | 102 |
| Wettest five days (Rx5day) | 115.9 mm (4.6 in) | 1987 | 63.3 mm (2.5 in) | 102 |
| Longest dry spell (CDD) | 42 days | 1995 | 20 days | 102 |
Hottest day (TXx)
| Year | Hottest day (TXx) |
|---|---|
| 1892 | 26.7 C (80.1 F) |
| 1893 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 1894 | 30.6 C (87.1 F) |
| 1896 | 26.1 C (79.0 F) |
| 1897 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1898 | 34.4 C (93.9 F) |
| 1899 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1900 | 13.9 C (57.0 F) |
| 1901 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 1902 | 31.1 C (88.0 F) |
| 1903 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 1904 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 1905 | 15.6 C (60.1 F) |
| 1906 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 1917 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1918 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 1919 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1920 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1921 | 42.2 C (108.0 F) |
| 1922 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1923 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1924 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 1925 | 34.4 C (93.9 F) |
| 1926 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1927 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1928 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1929 | 33.9 C (93.0 F) |
| 1930 | 34.4 C (93.9 F) |
| 1931 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1932 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1933 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1934 | 38.9 C (102.0 F) |
| 1935 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 1936 | 44.4 C (111.9 F) |
| 1937 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1938 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1939 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1940 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1941 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1942 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1943 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1944 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1945 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1946 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1947 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 1948 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 1949 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1950 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1951 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 1952 | 34.4 C (93.9 F) |
| 1953 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1954 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 1955 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 1956 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1957 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1958 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 1959 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1960 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 1961 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1962 | 32.8 C (91.0 F) |
| 1963 | 33.9 C (93.0 F) |
| 1964 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1965 | 33.9 C (93.0 F) |
| 1966 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1967 | 30.0 C (86.0 F) |
| 1968 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1969 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1970 | 34.4 C (93.9 F) |
| 1971 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1972 | 32.8 C (91.0 F) |
| 1973 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1974 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1975 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 1976 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1977 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1978 | 32.8 C (91.0 F) |
| 1979 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 1980 | 32.8 C (91.0 F) |
| 1981 | 34.4 C (93.9 F) |
| 1982 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 1983 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 1984 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1985 | 33.9 C (93.0 F) |
| 1986 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1987 | 37.8 C (100.0 F) |
| 1988 | 38.3 C (100.9 F) |
| 1989 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1990 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1991 | 33.9 C (93.0 F) |
| 1992 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 1993 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1994 | 36.7 C (98.1 F) |
| 1995 | 39.4 C (102.9 F) |
| 1996 | 33.3 C (91.9 F) |
| 1997 | 33.9 C (93.0 F) |
| 1998 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
| 1999 | 33.9 C (93.0 F) |
| 2000 | 30.6 C (87.1 F) |
| 2001 | 37.2 C (99.0 F) |
| 2002 | 35.6 C (96.1 F) |
| 2003 | 32.8 C (91.0 F) |
| 2004 | 32.2 C (90.0 F) |
| 2005 | 35.0 C (95.0 F) |
| 2006 | 36.1 C (97.0 F) |
Coldest night (TNn)
| Year | Coldest night (TNn) |
|---|---|
| 1892 | 0.0 C (32.0 F) |
| 1893 | -22.8 C (-9.0 F) |
| 1894 | -28.9 C (-20.0 F) |
| 1896 | -17.2 C (1.0 F) |
| 1897 | -28.9 C (-20.0 F) |
| 1898 | -31.1 C (-24.0 F) |
| 1899 | -38.9 C (-38.0 F) |
| 1900 | -28.9 C (-20.0 F) |
| 1901 | -22.2 C (-8.0 F) |
| 1902 | -25.6 C (-14.1 F) |
| 1903 | -28.9 C (-20.0 F) |
| 1904 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1905 | -20.0 C (-4.0 F) |
| 1906 | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) |
| 1917 | -36.1 C (-33.0 F) |
| 1918 | -43.9 C (-47.0 F) |
| 1919 | -28.9 C (-20.0 F) |
| 1920 | -36.7 C (-34.1 F) |
| 1921 | -25.6 C (-14.1 F) |
| 1922 | -33.3 C (-27.9 F) |
| 1923 | -31.1 C (-24.0 F) |
| 1924 | -34.4 C (-29.9 F) |
| 1925 | -35.0 C (-31.0 F) |
| 1926 | -33.3 C (-27.9 F) |
| 1927 | -37.2 C (-35.0 F) |
| 1928 | -37.8 C (-36.0 F) |
| 1929 | -41.7 C (-43.1 F) |
| 1930 | -32.2 C (-26.0 F) |
| 1931 | -26.7 C (-16.1 F) |
| 1932 | -27.8 C (-18.0 F) |
| 1933 | -36.1 C (-33.0 F) |
| 1934 | -42.8 C (-45.0 F) |
| 1935 | -34.4 C (-29.9 F) |
| 1936 | -37.2 C (-35.0 F) |
| 1937 | -26.7 C (-16.1 F) |
| 1938 | -33.9 C (-29.0 F) |
| 1939 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1940 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1941 | -33.9 C (-29.0 F) |
| 1942 | -33.9 C (-29.0 F) |
| 1943 | -39.4 C (-38.9 F) |
| 1944 | -30.0 C (-22.0 F) |
| 1945 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1946 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1947 | -34.4 C (-29.9 F) |
| 1948 | -36.1 C (-33.0 F) |
| 1949 | -23.9 C (-11.0 F) |
| 1950 | -32.2 C (-26.0 F) |
| 1951 | -38.9 C (-38.0 F) |
| 1952 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1953 | -27.8 C (-18.0 F) |
| 1954 | -30.0 C (-22.0 F) |
| 1955 | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) |
| 1956 | -26.1 C (-15.0 F) |
| 1957 | -28.3 C (-18.9 F) |
| 1958 | -32.2 C (-26.0 F) |
| 1959 | -35.6 C (-32.1 F) |
| 1960 | -28.3 C (-18.9 F) |
| 1961 | -29.4 C (-20.9 F) |
| 1962 | -33.3 C (-27.9 F) |
| 1963 | -32.2 C (-26.0 F) |
| 1964 | -27.8 C (-18.0 F) |
| 1965 | -28.3 C (-18.9 F) |
| 1966 | -27.8 C (-18.0 F) |
| 1967 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1968 | -32.2 C (-26.0 F) |
| 1969 | -25.0 C (-13.0 F) |
| 1970 | -32.2 C (-26.0 F) |
| 1971 | -29.4 C (-20.9 F) |
| 1972 | -27.8 C (-18.0 F) |
| 1973 | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) |
| 1974 | -28.3 C (-18.9 F) |
| 1975 | -28.3 C (-18.9 F) |
| 1976 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1977 | -33.3 C (-27.9 F) |
| 1978 | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) |
| 1979 | -38.9 C (-38.0 F) |
| 1980 | -30.0 C (-22.0 F) |
| 1981 | -35.0 C (-31.0 F) |
| 1982 | -30.0 C (-22.0 F) |
| 1983 | -26.7 C (-16.1 F) |
| 1984 | -33.3 C (-27.9 F) |
| 1985 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1986 | -28.9 C (-20.0 F) |
| 1987 | -31.7 C (-25.1 F) |
| 1988 | -28.3 C (-18.9 F) |
| 1989 | -27.8 C (-18.0 F) |
| 1990 | -23.9 C (-11.0 F) |
| 1991 | -26.7 C (-16.1 F) |
| 1992 | -27.8 C (-18.0 F) |
| 1993 | -30.6 C (-23.1 F) |
| 1994 | -33.9 C (-29.0 F) |
| 1995 | -27.2 C (-17.0 F) |
| 1996 | -35.0 C (-31.0 F) |
| 1997 | -28.3 C (-18.9 F) |
| 1998 | -23.9 C (-11.0 F) |
| 1999 | -26.7 C (-16.1 F) |
| 2000 | -27.2 C (-17.0 F) |
| 2001 | -23.9 C (-11.0 F) |
| 2002 | -23.9 C (-11.0 F) |
| 2003 | -28.9 C (-20.0 F) |
| 2004 | -29.4 C (-20.9 F) |
| 2005 | -28.3 C (-18.9 F) |
| 2006 | -20.6 C (-5.1 F) |
Wettest day (Rx1day)
| Year | Wettest day (Rx1day) |
|---|---|
| 1892 | 57.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1893 | n/a |
| 1894 | n/a |
| 1896 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1897 | 38.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1898 | 66.0 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1899 | 48.0 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1900 | 30.5 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1901 | 40.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1902 | 33.8 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1903 | 34.5 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1904 | 34.5 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1905 | 21.8 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1906 | 45.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1917 | 33.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1918 | 43.9 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1919 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1920 | 31.2 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1921 | 68.6 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1922 | 49.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1923 | 42.9 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1924 | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1925 | 35.6 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1926 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1927 | 40.1 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1928 | 37.8 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1929 | 40.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1930 | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1931 | 75.7 mm (3.0 in) |
| 1932 | 53.1 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1933 | 25.9 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1934 | 43.9 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1935 | 37.6 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1936 | 33.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1937 | 53.1 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1938 | 50.3 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1939 | 25.4 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1940 | 49.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1941 | 53.3 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1942 | 39.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1943 | 55.1 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1944 | 29.0 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1945 | 34.5 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1946 | 39.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1947 | 77.0 mm (3.0 in) |
| 1948 | 42.2 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1949 | 26.2 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1950 | 39.1 mm (1.5 in) |
| 1951 | 47.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1952 | 32.5 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1953 | 40.1 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1954 | 34.3 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1955 | 33.3 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1956 | 31.5 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1957 | 41.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1958 | 27.4 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1959 | 40.1 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1960 | 63.8 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1961 | 49.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1962 | 31.8 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1963 | 56.9 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1964 | 49.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1965 | 32.3 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1966 | 28.4 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1967 | 65.0 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1968 | 34.5 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1969 | 44.5 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1970 | 31.2 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1971 | 36.6 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1972 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1973 | 43.2 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1974 | 31.8 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1975 | 42.7 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1976 | 30.2 mm (1.2 in) |
| 1977 | 25.9 mm (1.0 in) |
| 1978 | 54.1 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1979 | 46.2 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1980 | 40.6 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1981 | 33.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1982 | 27.4 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1983 | 35.6 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1984 | 59.7 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1985 | 43.7 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1986 | 40.1 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1987 | 48.8 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1988 | 53.3 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1989 | 26.7 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1990 | 79.5 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1991 | 49.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1992 | 60.5 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1993 | 72.4 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1994 | 34.0 mm (1.3 in) |
| 1995 | 22.6 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1996 | 24.1 mm (0.9 in) |
| 1997 | 36.6 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1998 | 53.8 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1999 | 60.7 mm (2.4 in) |
| 2000 | 39.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 2001 | 36.3 mm (1.4 in) |
| 2002 | 33.3 mm (1.3 in) |
| 2003 | 41.1 mm (1.6 in) |
| 2004 | 50.8 mm (2.0 in) |
| 2005 | 58.7 mm (2.3 in) |
| 2006 | 95.3 mm (3.8 in) |
Wettest five days (Rx5day)
| Year | Wettest five days (Rx5day) |
|---|---|
| 1892 | 57.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1893 | n/a |
| 1894 | n/a |
| 1896 | 84.3 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1897 | 76.6 mm (3.0 in) |
| 1898 | 109.4 mm (4.3 in) |
| 1899 | 88.5 mm (3.5 in) |
| 1900 | 36.6 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1901 | 71.3 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1902 | 53.6 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1903 | 62.9 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1904 | 47.5 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1905 | 28.3 mm (1.1 in) |
| 1906 | 77.5 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1917 | 36.4 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1918 | 71.2 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1919 | 64.4 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1920 | 53.4 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1921 | 79.3 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1922 | 79.2 mm (3.1 in) |
| 1923 | 61.7 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1924 | 91.9 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1925 | 57.4 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1926 | 55.4 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1927 | 62.6 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1928 | 62.0 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1929 | 48.3 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1930 | 45.7 mm (1.8 in) |
| 1931 | 81.8 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1932 | 58.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1933 | 53.1 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1934 | 58.1 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1935 | 64.8 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1936 | 50.5 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1937 | 55.1 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1938 | 73.4 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1939 | 35.8 mm (1.4 in) |
| 1940 | 91.1 mm (3.6 in) |
| 1941 | 53.6 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1942 | 50.5 mm (2.0 in) |
| 1943 | 63.7 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1944 | 47.0 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1945 | 65.0 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1946 | 48.0 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1947 | 112.1 mm (4.4 in) |
| 1948 | 83.9 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1949 | 59.2 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1950 | 63.7 mm (2.5 in) |
| 1951 | 69.6 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1952 | 70.9 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1953 | 66.0 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1954 | 85.2 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1955 | 47.7 mm (1.9 in) |
| 1956 | 44.2 mm (1.7 in) |
| 1957 | 59.2 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1958 | 58.2 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1959 | 68.0 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1960 | 66.1 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1961 | 70.9 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1962 | 60.6 mm (2.4 in) |
| 1963 | 72.1 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1964 | 58.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1965 | 54.3 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1966 | 85.9 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1967 | 69.3 mm (2.7 in) |
| 1968 | 67.0 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1969 | 83.6 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1970 | 57.1 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1971 | 57.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1972 | 80.7 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1973 | 58.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1974 | 66.9 mm (2.6 in) |
| 1975 | 84.4 mm (3.3 in) |
| 1976 | 69.9 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1977 | 58.9 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1978 | 86.0 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1979 | 55.8 mm (2.2 in) |
| 1980 | 59.1 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1981 | 39.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1982 | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1983 | 57.6 mm (2.3 in) |
| 1984 | 72.7 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1985 | 72.2 mm (2.8 in) |
| 1986 | 74.2 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1987 | 115.9 mm (4.6 in) |
| 1988 | 85.6 mm (3.4 in) |
| 1989 | 41.2 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1990 | 96.8 mm (3.8 in) |
| 1991 | 74.6 mm (2.9 in) |
| 1992 | 53.3 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1993 | 94.0 mm (3.7 in) |
| 1994 | 103.1 mm (4.1 in) |
| 1995 | 53.8 mm (2.1 in) |
| 1996 | 39.7 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1997 | 41.4 mm (1.6 in) |
| 1998 | 82.2 mm (3.2 in) |
| 1999 | 74.8 mm (2.9 in) |
| 2000 | 51.1 mm (2.0 in) |
| 2001 | 54.1 mm (2.1 in) |
| 2002 | 41.9 mm (1.6 in) |
| 2003 | 59.7 mm (2.4 in) |
| 2004 | 76.2 mm (3.0 in) |
| 2005 | 79.0 mm (3.1 in) |
| 2006 | 102.9 mm (4.1 in) |
Longest dry spell (CDD)
| Year | Longest dry spell (CDD) |
|---|---|
| 1892 | 13 days |
| 1893 | n/a |
| 1894 | n/a |
| 1896 | 18 days |
| 1897 | 19 days |
| 1898 | 21 days |
| 1899 | 16 days |
| 1900 | 16 days |
| 1901 | 19 days |
| 1902 | 11 days |
| 1903 | 25 days |
| 1904 | 15 days |
| 1905 | 10 days |
| 1906 | 12 days |
| 1917 | 19 days |
| 1918 | 33 days |
| 1919 | 34 days |
| 1920 | 18 days |
| 1921 | 22 days |
| 1922 | 17 days |
| 1923 | 15 days |
| 1924 | 19 days |
| 1925 | 21 days |
| 1926 | 16 days |
| 1927 | 27 days |
| 1928 | 16 days |
| 1929 | 26 days |
| 1930 | 25 days |
| 1931 | 21 days |
| 1932 | 17 days |
| 1933 | 27 days |
| 1934 | 15 days |
| 1935 | 13 days |
| 1936 | 25 days |
| 1937 | 22 days |
| 1938 | 21 days |
| 1939 | 20 days |
| 1940 | 11 days |
| 1941 | 14 days |
| 1942 | 6 days |
| 1943 | 27 days |
| 1944 | 23 days |
| 1945 | 26 days |
| 1946 | 16 days |
| 1947 | 23 days |
| 1948 | 21 days |
| 1949 | 18 days |
| 1950 | 12 days |
| 1951 | 13 days |
| 1952 | 16 days |
| 1953 | 19 days |
| 1954 | 21 days |
| 1955 | 18 days |
| 1956 | 15 days |
| 1957 | 23 days |
| 1958 | 31 days |
| 1959 | 15 days |
| 1960 | 12 days |
| 1961 | 18 days |
| 1962 | 22 days |
| 1963 | 22 days |
| 1964 | 15 days |
| 1965 | 14 days |
| 1966 | 17 days |
| 1967 | 16 days |
| 1968 | 17 days |
| 1969 | 24 days |
| 1970 | 21 days |
| 1971 | 20 days |
| 1972 | 14 days |
| 1973 | 14 days |
| 1974 | 15 days |
| 1975 | 14 days |
| 1976 | 22 days |
| 1977 | 22 days |
| 1978 | 21 days |
| 1979 | 32 days |
| 1980 | 21 days |
| 1981 | 12 days |
| 1982 | 22 days |
| 1983 | 24 days |
| 1984 | 20 days |
| 1985 | 13 days |
| 1986 | 23 days |
| 1987 | 27 days |
| 1988 | 17 days |
| 1989 | 24 days |
| 1990 | 20 days |
| 1991 | 15 days |
| 1992 | 14 days |
| 1993 | 22 days |
| 1994 | 14 days |
| 1995 | 42 days |
| 1996 | 26 days |
| 1997 | 20 days |
| 1998 | 23 days |
| 1999 | 24 days |
| 2000 | 15 days |
| 2001 | 26 days |
| 2002 | 40 days |
| 2003 | 20 days |
| 2004 | 33 days |
| 2005 | 41 days |
| 2006 | 15 days |
Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.
Frost Dates and Growing Season
87 years with a frostAcross 87 years with a frost, the median last spring frost at Mio Hydro Plt falls on 30 May and the median first autumn frost on 18 September, which leaves a median of 111 days between them.
In 1971 to 2006 the median growing season was 122 days. That is 35 days more than in 1897 to 1942.
Fitted over all years, the growing season changes by +5.5 days per decade at this station.
| Measure | Median, all years | Earliest period (1897 to 1942) | Recent period (1971 to 2006) | Recent against earliest | Fitted trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last spring frost | 30 May | 9 June | 26 May | 14 days earlier | -1.4 days per decade |
| First autumn frost | 18 September | 4 September | 25 September | 21 days later | +4.0 days per decade |
| Growing days | 111 days | 87 days | 122 days | 35 days more | +5.5 days per decade |
A frost day is a day with a daily minimum at or below 0 C (32 F). The last spring frost and the first autumn frost are the last and first such days of the cold season, and growing days are the days between them. A negative trend for the last spring frost means it comes earlier.
Rainfall Return Levels
88 years, 1897 to 2005A day with at least 40.4 mm (1.6 in) of rain is expected about once in 2 years. A day with at least 84.2 mm (3.3 in) of rain is expected about once in 100 years.
| Expected about once in | A day with at least | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 2 years | 40.4 mm (1.6 in) | |
| 5 years | 51.8 mm (2.0 in) | |
| 10 years | 59.4 mm (2.3 in) | |
| 25 years | 69.3 mm (2.7 in) | |
| 50 years | 76.7 mm (3.0 in) | |
| 100 years | 84.2 mm (3.3 in) | Longer than the 88 years of record |
The levels come from a generalised extreme value (GEV) distribution fitted by L-moments to the wettest-day total of each year, 88 years of values from 1897 to 2005.
A return level is an estimate. It is least reliable for the long periods, 50 and 100 years, and for any period longer than the record behind the fit, where the fit has to reach past the largest day actually observed. It is not a forecast.
The largest wettest-day totals in the fit: 79.5 mm (3.1 in) in 1990; 77.0 mm (3.0 in) in 1947; 75.7 mm (3.0 in) in 1931.
Station Changes
No change in the annual mean temperature of this station was found against its neighbours.
Download the Data
Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-17 (17 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.
Data as of . Last revised (2025-12-31).