Built 2026-10-19 (19 October 2026)

Shannon Weather Records (EIM00003962)

Record envelope, standing records and threshold days for Shannon (EIM00003962), Ireland, with 53 years of record.

Key Facts for Shannon

  • Shannon (EIM00003962) is a weather station in Ireland at 52.70 latitude and -8.93 longitude, 14 m (46 ft) above sea level.
  • The station reports from 1973 to 2025, 53 years of record.
  • 1,464 records set at Shannon still stand.
  • Records are tracked for tmax, prcp: an element needs 30 years of data to be eligible.
  • Shannon set a daily record precipitation of 39.9 mm (1.6 in) on 15 July 2025.

About the Station

  • Location: Ireland, 52.70 latitude, -8.93 longitude.
  • Elevation: 14 m (46 ft).
  • Period of record: 1973 to 2025, 53 years.
  • Eligible elements: tmax, prcp.

Daily Record Envelope and 2026

5 days at or beyond a record
Daily record high and record low at Shannon, with 2026 drawn through them The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Shannon. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 5 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius. -10010203040 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
The band shows the record high and record low for each calendar day at Shannon. The lines show the 2026 daily maximum and minimum. 5 days in 2026 matched or passed a record. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius.
Daily record high and record low at Shannon, with 2026 drawn through them
MonthHighest record highLowest record low2026 highest maximum2026 lowest minimum
Jan20.0 C (68.0 F)-8.2 C (17.2 F)12.1 C (53.8 F)-6.6 C (20.1 F)
Feb15.5 C (59.9 F)-5.5 C (22.1 F)14.4 C (57.9 F)4.8 C (40.6 F)
Mar19.6 C (67.3 F)-5.0 C (23.0 F)10.3 C (50.5 F)0.4 C (32.7 F)
Apr23.5 C (74.3 F)-2.5 C (27.5 F)20.4 C (68.7 F)2.5 C (36.5 F)
May27.2 C (81.0 F)-0.6 C (30.9 F)24.7 C (76.5 F)3.5 C (38.3 F)
Jun30.2 C (86.4 F)1.0 C (33.8 F)19.2 C (66.6 F)8.4 C (47.1 F)
Jul30.6 C (87.1 F)6.9 C (44.4 F)20.1 C (68.2 F)10.7 C (51.3 F)
Aug29.8 C (85.6 F)4.4 C (39.9 F)18.1 C (64.6 F)11.7 C (53.1 F)
Sep26.1 C (79.0 F)-1.2 C (29.8 F)n/an/a
Oct22.3 C (72.1 F)-1.7 C (28.9 F)n/an/a
Nov18.0 C (64.4 F)-6.4 C (20.5 F)n/an/a
Dec15.4 C (59.7 F)-7.6 C (18.3 F)n/an/a

Which Years Hold Standing Records

1,464 standing records
Standing records at Shannon by the year they were set 1,464 records at Shannon still stand. 1995 holds the most, with 75. 0204060801974: 11977: 151978: 361979: 371980: 411981: 421982: 161983: 451984: 321985: 431986: 571987: 361988: 231989: 411990: 301991: 321992: 221993: 211994: 241995: 751996: 371997: 481998: 331999: 242000: 302001: 372002: 132003: 362004: 202005: 222006: 282007: 312008: 242009: 222010: 392011: 392012: 342013: 472014: 162015: 282016: 262017: 282018: 272019: 152020: 192021: 112022: 122023: 152024: 192025: 151974198119861991199620012006201120162021
1,464 records at Shannon still stand. 1995 holds the most, with 75.
Standing records at Shannon by the year they were set
Year setStanding records
19741
197715
197836
197937
198041
198142
198216
198345
198432
198543
198657
198736
198823
198941
199030
199132
199222
199321
199424
199575
199637
199748
199833
199924
200030
200137
200213
200336
200420
200522
200628
200731
200824
200922
201039
201139
201234
201347
201416
201528
201626
201728
201827
201915
202019
202111
202212
202315
202419
202515

All-Time Record Progression

3 new records
When Shannon set new all-time records 3 all-time records were set at Shannon between 9 January 2010 and 9 February 2020. Each dot is a new record. Record low maximum temperatureRecord daily precipitation9 January 2010: Record low maximum temperature -2.0 C (28.4 F)21 December 2010: Record low maximum temperature -4.1 C (24.6 F)9 February 2020: Record daily precipitation 116.1 mm (4.6 in)201020152020
3 all-time records were set at Shannon between 9 January 2010 and 9 February 2020. Each dot is a new record.
When Shannon set new all-time records
DateKindDetail
2010-01-09Record low maximum temperatureRecord low maximum temperature -2.0 C (28.4 F)
2010-12-21Record low maximum temperatureRecord low maximum temperature -4.1 C (24.6 F)
2020-02-09Record daily precipitationRecord daily precipitation 116.1 mm (4.6 in)

Wettest Day of Each Month

Feb: 116.1 mm (4.6 in)
Record daily precipitation for each month at Shannon The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Shannon. The most was 116.1 mm (4.6 in) on 9 February 2020. 050100150 Jan: 82.0 mm (3.2 in), 24 January 1992 Jan Feb: 116.1 mm (4.6 in), 9 February 2020 Feb Mar: 97.0 mm (3.8 in), 12 March 1996 Mar Apr: 41.1 mm (1.6 in), 6 April 2010 Apr May: 26.9 mm (1.1 in), 5 May 2023 May Jun: 40.1 mm (1.6 in), 3 June 2012 Jun Jul: 48.0 mm (1.9 in), 21 July 2017 Jul Aug: 90.4 mm (3.6 in), 29 August 1990 Aug Sep: 53.1 mm (2.1 in), 4 September 1985 Sep Oct: 34.0 mm (1.3 in), 9 October 1997 Oct Nov: 31.0 mm (1.2 in), 8 November 2010 Nov Dec: 33.0 mm (1.3 in), 12 December 2015 Dec
The wettest day on record for each calendar month at Shannon. The most was 116.1 mm (4.6 in) on 9 February 2020.
Record daily precipitation for each month at Shannon
MonthRecord daily precipitation (mm)Date
Jan82.0 mm (3.2 in)24 January 1992
Feb116.1 mm (4.6 in)9 February 2020
Mar97.0 mm (3.8 in)12 March 1996
Apr41.1 mm (1.6 in)6 April 2010
May26.9 mm (1.1 in)5 May 2023
Jun40.1 mm (1.6 in)3 June 2012
Jul48.0 mm (1.9 in)21 July 2017
Aug90.4 mm (3.6 in)29 August 1990
Sep53.1 mm (2.1 in)4 September 1985
Oct34.0 mm (1.3 in)9 October 1997
Nov31.0 mm (1.2 in)8 November 2010
Dec33.0 mm (1.3 in)12 December 2015

Period of Record Coverage

1974 to 2025
Days with data per year at Shannon 51 years of record at Shannon, 1974 to 2025. 48 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984 and others. 1974: 1 of 365 days1976: 1 of 366 days1977: 159 of 365 days1978: 313 of 365 days1979: 330 of 365 days1980: 331 of 366 days1981: 320 of 365 days1982: 221 of 365 days1983: 225 of 365 days1984: 262 of 366 days1985: 284 of 365 days1986: 274 of 365 days1987: 287 of 365 days1988: 281 of 366 days1989: 264 of 365 days1990: 269 of 365 days1991: 261 of 365 days1992: 276 of 366 days1993: 220 of 365 days1994: 310 of 365 days1995: 322 of 365 days1996: 315 of 366 days1997: 324 of 365 days1998: 317 of 365 days1999: 299 of 365 days2000: 338 of 366 days2001: 328 of 365 days2002: 308 of 365 days2003: 312 of 365 days2004: 264 of 366 days2005: 260 of 365 days2006: 258 of 365 days2007: 247 of 365 days2008: 250 of 366 days2009: 257 of 365 days2010: 282 of 365 days2011: 251 of 365 days2012: 261 of 366 days2013: 244 of 365 days2014: 248 of 365 days2015: 227 of 365 days2016: 224 of 366 days2017: 230 of 365 days2018: 78 of 365 days2019: 16 of 365 days2020: 15 of 366 days2021: 16 of 365 days2022: 80 of 365 days2023: 12 of 365 days2024: 18 of 366 days2025: 25 of 365 days19801990200020102020
51 years of record at Shannon, 1974 to 2025. 48 years have data for under 90 percent of days and are left out of rankings: 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984 and others.
Days with data per year at Shannon
YearDays with dataShare of yearComplete
197410%No
197610%No
197715944%No
197831386%No
197933090%Yes
198033190%Yes
198132088%No
198222161%No
198322562%No
198426272%No
198528478%No
198627475%No
198728779%No
198828177%No
198926472%No
199026974%No
199126172%No
199227675%No
199322060%No
199431085%No
199532288%No
199631586%No
199732489%No
199831787%No
199929982%No
200033892%Yes
200132890%No
200230884%No
200331285%No
200426472%No
200526071%No
200625871%No
200724768%No
200825068%No
200925770%No
201028277%No
201125169%No
201226171%No
201324467%No
201424868%No
201522762%No
201622461%No
201723063%No
20187821%No
2019164%No
2020154%No
2021164%No
20228022%No
2023123%No
2024185%No
2025257%No

Latest Records

20
Latest records at Shannon
DateStationRecordValueBeat old record byOld record stoodSignificance
15 July 2025Shannon, IEdaily rain39.9 mm (1.6 in)28.7 mm (1.1 in)48 years59 of 100 (Notable)
4 July 2025Shannon, IEdaily rain42.9 mm (1.7 in)30.7 mm (1.2 in)35 years55 of 100 (Notable)
17 May 2025Shannon, IEdaily high max24.7 C (76.5 F)1.7 C (3.1 F)27 years18 of 100 (Routine)
18 April 2025Shannon, IEdaily rain26.9 mm (1.1 in)10.9 mm (0.4 in)40 years43 of 100 (Notable)
13 April 2025Shannon, IEdaily rain13.7 mm (0.5 in)2.5 mm (0.10 in)14 years15 of 100 (Routine)
9 April 2025Shannon, IEdaily high max20.4 C (68.7 F)2.1 C (3.8 F)10 years15 of 100 (Routine)
23 February 2025Shannon, IEdaily high max14.4 C (57.9 F)0.8 C (1.4 F)14 years12 of 100 (Routine)
31 December 2024Shannon, IEdaily rain18.3 mm (0.7 in)2.3 mm (0.09 in)49 years20 of 100 (Routine)
5 December 2024Shannon, IEdaily high max12.2 C (54.0 F)0.2 C (0.4 F)20 years11 of 100 (Routine)
23 November 2024Shannon, IEdaily rain21.1 mm (0.8 in)2.0 mm (0.08 in)42 years20 of 100 (Routine)
23 November 2024Shannon, IEdaily high max15.2 C (59.4 F)0.9 C (1.6 F)29 years16 of 100 (Routine)
25 September 2024Shannon, IEdaily rain24.1 mm (0.9 in)5.0 mm (0.20 in)26 years20 of 100 (Routine)
29 June 2024Shannon, IEdaily rain (Tie)10.9 mm (0.4 in)tie34 years3 of 100 (Routine)
19 May 2024Shannon, IEdaily high max22.0 C (71.6 F)2.3 C (4.1 F)14 years16 of 100 (Routine)
14 May 2024Shannon, IEdaily rain18.0 mm (0.7 in)9.9 mm (0.39 in)39 years20 of 100 (Routine)
25 March 2024Shannon, IEdaily rain20.1 mm (0.8 in)5.9 mm (0.23 in)30 years20 of 100 (Routine)
25 February 2024Shannon, IEdaily rain11.9 mm (0.5 in)1.0 mm (0.04 in)9 years8 of 100 (Routine)
23 January 2024Shannon, IEdaily high max14.4 C (57.9 F)0.7 C (1.3 F)16 years11 of 100 (Routine)
21 January 2024Shannon, IEdaily high max14.1 C (57.4 F)0.9 C (1.6 F)33 years18 of 100 (Routine)
23 October 2023Shannon, IEdaily rain22.1 mm (0.9 in)10.2 mm (0.4 in)48 years20 of 100 (Routine)

Extremes by Year

1973 to 2025
Yearly extremes at Shannon: the record and the median year
MeasureRecordYear of the recordMedian yearYears with a value
Hottest day (TXx)30.6 C (87.1 F)198325.2 C (77.4 F)51
Coldest night (TNn)-8.2 C (17.2 F)1982-3.3 C (26.1 F)49
Wettest day (Rx1day)116.1 mm (4.6 in)202031.0 mm (1.2 in)53
Wettest five days (Rx5day)162.3 mm (6.4 in)202060.2 mm (2.4 in)53
Longest dry spell (CDD)24 days201811 days53

Hottest day (TXx)

Hottest day (TXx) at Shannon by year The hottest day of the year at Shannon, 1973 to 2025. The record is 30.6 C (87.1 F) in 1983, marked on the chart; the median year is 25.2 C (77.4 F). 10152025303519801990200020102020Record: 30.6 C (87.1 F) in 1983
The hottest day of the year at Shannon, 1973 to 2025. The record is 30.6 C (87.1 F) in 1983, marked on the chart; the median year is 25.2 C (77.4 F).
Hottest day (TXx) at Shannon by year
YearHottest day (TXx)
1973n/a
197420.0 C (68.0 F)
1975n/a
197611.0 C (51.8 F)
197727.0 C (80.6 F)
197824.0 C (75.2 F)
197924.0 C (75.2 F)
198022.0 C (71.6 F)
198125.0 C (77.0 F)
198226.5 C (79.7 F)
198330.6 C (87.1 F)
198426.5 C (79.7 F)
198523.4 C (74.1 F)
198624.7 C (76.5 F)
198725.5 C (77.9 F)
198824.6 C (76.3 F)
198930.0 C (86.0 F)
199027.4 C (81.3 F)
199126.8 C (80.2 F)
199225.3 C (77.5 F)
199323.0 C (73.4 F)
199423.0 C (73.4 F)
199530.2 C (86.4 F)
199627.0 C (80.6 F)
199727.2 C (81.0 F)
199824.5 C (76.1 F)
199926.0 C (78.8 F)
200027.6 C (81.7 F)
200126.0 C (78.8 F)
200224.0 C (75.2 F)
200329.0 C (84.2 F)
200424.0 C (75.2 F)
200528.0 C (82.4 F)
200630.2 C (86.4 F)
200725.0 C (77.0 F)
200825.2 C (77.4 F)
200925.3 C (77.5 F)
201025.2 C (77.4 F)
201123.9 C (75.0 F)
201226.5 C (79.7 F)
201329.5 C (85.1 F)
201427.4 C (81.3 F)
201522.8 C (73.0 F)
201628.5 C (83.3 F)
201726.0 C (78.8 F)
201819.2 C (66.6 F)
201920.5 C (68.9 F)
202020.7 C (69.3 F)
202124.1 C (75.4 F)
202223.4 C (74.1 F)
202324.1 C (75.4 F)
202423.1 C (73.6 F)
202524.7 C (76.5 F)

Coldest night (TNn)

Coldest night (TNn) at Shannon by year The coldest night of the year at Shannon, 1973 to 2025. The record is -8.2 C (17.2 F) in 1982, marked on the chart; the median year is -3.3 C (26.1 F). -10-7.5-5-2.5019801990200020102020Record: -8.2 C (17.2 F) in 1982
The coldest night of the year at Shannon, 1973 to 2025. The record is -8.2 C (17.2 F) in 1982, marked on the chart; the median year is -3.3 C (26.1 F).
Coldest night (TNn) at Shannon by year
YearColdest night (TNn)
1973n/a
1974n/a
1975n/a
1976n/a
1977-3.0 C (26.6 F)
1978-3.0 C (26.6 F)
1979-6.0 C (21.2 F)
1980-3.0 C (26.6 F)
1981-5.0 C (23.0 F)
1982-8.2 C (17.2 F)
1983-2.3 C (27.9 F)
1984-3.9 C (25.0 F)
1985-6.5 C (20.3 F)
1986-5.5 C (22.1 F)
1987-6.4 C (20.5 F)
1988-4.0 C (24.8 F)
1989-4.2 C (24.4 F)
1990-2.4 C (27.7 F)
1991-3.9 C (25.0 F)
1992-2.0 C (28.4 F)
1993-1.6 C (29.1 F)
1994-0.1 C (31.8 F)
1995-4.0 C (24.8 F)
1996-3.6 C (25.5 F)
1997-3.3 C (26.1 F)
1998-1.5 C (29.3 F)
1999-3.4 C (25.9 F)
2000-3.1 C (26.4 F)
2001-4.1 C (24.6 F)
2002-1.0 C (30.2 F)
2003-1.7 C (28.9 F)
2004-3.0 C (26.6 F)
2005-2.7 C (27.1 F)
2006-4.2 C (24.4 F)
2007-3.6 C (25.5 F)
2008-3.6 C (25.5 F)
2009-4.3 C (24.3 F)
2010-7.6 C (18.3 F)
2011-5.3 C (22.5 F)
2012-1.5 C (29.3 F)
2013-3.2 C (26.2 F)
2014-1.8 C (28.8 F)
2015-3.3 C (26.1 F)
2016-3.2 C (26.2 F)
2017-3.3 C (26.1 F)
2018-5.0 C (23.0 F)
2019-2.0 C (28.4 F)
2020-2.3 C (27.9 F)
2021-2.7 C (27.1 F)
2022-3.4 C (25.9 F)
2023-3.3 C (26.1 F)
2024-3.4 C (25.9 F)
2025-6.6 C (20.1 F)

Wettest day (Rx1day)

Wettest day (Rx1day) at Shannon by year The wettest day of the year at Shannon, 1973 to 2025. The record is 116.1 mm (4.6 in) in 2020, marked on the chart; the median year is 31.0 mm (1.2 in). 025507510012519801990200020102020Record: 116.1 mm (4.6 in) in 2020
The wettest day of the year at Shannon, 1973 to 2025. The record is 116.1 mm (4.6 in) in 2020, marked on the chart; the median year is 31.0 mm (1.2 in).
Wettest day (Rx1day) at Shannon by year
YearWettest day (Rx1day)
197329.0 mm (1.1 in)
197447.0 mm (1.9 in)
197536.1 mm (1.4 in)
197629.0 mm (1.1 in)
197730.0 mm (1.2 in)
197841.1 mm (1.6 in)
197929.0 mm (1.1 in)
198029.0 mm (1.1 in)
198124.9 mm (1.0 in)
198238.1 mm (1.5 in)
198329.0 mm (1.1 in)
198431.0 mm (1.2 in)
198553.1 mm (2.1 in)
198627.9 mm (1.1 in)
198787.9 mm (3.5 in)
198826.9 mm (1.1 in)
198923.1 mm (0.9 in)
199090.4 mm (3.6 in)
199122.1 mm (0.9 in)
199282.0 mm (3.2 in)
199332.0 mm (1.3 in)
199431.0 mm (1.2 in)
199533.0 mm (1.3 in)
199697.0 mm (3.8 in)
199740.9 mm (1.6 in)
199823.9 mm (0.9 in)
199925.9 mm (1.0 in)
200038.9 mm (1.5 in)
200120.8 mm (0.8 in)
200227.9 mm (1.1 in)
200335.1 mm (1.4 in)
200422.1 mm (0.9 in)
200531.0 mm (1.2 in)
200638.9 mm (1.5 in)
200732.0 mm (1.3 in)
200849.0 mm (1.9 in)
200927.9 mm (1.1 in)
201043.2 mm (1.7 in)
201132.0 mm (1.3 in)
201240.1 mm (1.6 in)
201326.9 mm (1.1 in)
201436.1 mm (1.4 in)
201533.0 mm (1.3 in)
201625.9 mm (1.0 in)
201748.0 mm (1.9 in)
201823.9 mm (0.9 in)
201933.0 mm (1.3 in)
2020116.1 mm (4.6 in)
202125.9 mm (1.0 in)
202223.1 mm (0.9 in)
202326.9 mm (1.1 in)
202424.1 mm (0.9 in)
202542.9 mm (1.7 in)

Wettest five days (Rx5day)

Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Shannon by year The wettest five days of the year at Shannon, 1973 to 2025. The record is 162.3 mm (6.4 in) in 2020, marked on the chart; the median year is 60.2 mm (2.4 in). 05010015020019801990200020102020Record: 162.3 mm (6.4 in) in 2020
The wettest five days of the year at Shannon, 1973 to 2025. The record is 162.3 mm (6.4 in) in 2020, marked on the chart; the median year is 60.2 mm (2.4 in).
Wettest five days (Rx5day) at Shannon by year
YearWettest five days (Rx5day)
197350.9 mm (2.0 in)
197498.3 mm (3.9 in)
197557.7 mm (2.3 in)
197664.3 mm (2.5 in)
197746.3 mm (1.8 in)
197859.9 mm (2.4 in)
197955.9 mm (2.2 in)
198048.0 mm (1.9 in)
198164.3 mm (2.5 in)
198263.8 mm (2.5 in)
198355.1 mm (2.2 in)
198465.3 mm (2.6 in)
198573.2 mm (2.9 in)
198651.6 mm (2.0 in)
198795.3 mm (3.8 in)
198862.7 mm (2.5 in)
198950.5 mm (2.0 in)
199070.1 mm (2.8 in)
199148.3 mm (1.9 in)
199252.6 mm (2.1 in)
199357.2 mm (2.3 in)
199476.6 mm (3.0 in)
199580.0 mm (3.1 in)
1996126.0 mm (5.0 in)
1997101.3 mm (4.0 in)
199843.5 mm (1.7 in)
199951.0 mm (2.0 in)
200063.5 mm (2.5 in)
200142.2 mm (1.7 in)
200260.2 mm (2.4 in)
200345.5 mm (1.8 in)
200445.8 mm (1.8 in)
200551.3 mm (2.0 in)
200661.8 mm (2.4 in)
200755.9 mm (2.2 in)
200861.5 mm (2.4 in)
200960.9 mm (2.4 in)
201070.1 mm (2.8 in)
201189.0 mm (3.5 in)
201245.2 mm (1.8 in)
201357.2 mm (2.3 in)
201471.1 mm (2.8 in)
201556.1 mm (2.2 in)
201660.4 mm (2.4 in)
201766.1 mm (2.6 in)
201854.9 mm (2.2 in)
201965.5 mm (2.6 in)
2020162.3 mm (6.4 in)
202153.8 mm (2.1 in)
202253.8 mm (2.1 in)
202364.9 mm (2.6 in)
202448.3 mm (1.9 in)
202569.8 mm (2.7 in)

Longest dry spell (CDD)

Longest dry spell (CDD) at Shannon by year The longest dry spell of the year at Shannon, 1973 to 2025. The record is 24 days in 2018, marked on the chart; the median year is 11 days. 010203019801990200020102020Record: 24 days in 2018
The longest dry spell of the year at Shannon, 1973 to 2025. The record is 24 days in 2018, marked on the chart; the median year is 11 days.
Longest dry spell (CDD) at Shannon by year
YearLongest dry spell (CDD)
197318 days
197417 days
197519 days
197615 days
197714 days
197814 days
19799 days
198011 days
198116 days
198215 days
19839 days
19848 days
19859 days
198613 days
19879 days
198812 days
19898 days
19906 days
19919 days
19927 days
19938 days
19948 days
199512 days
19966 days
199713 days
19986 days
19995 days
20002 days
20013 days
20025 days
200311 days
200410 days
200512 days
20067 days
20078 days
20086 days
20098 days
201012 days
20119 days
20129 days
20136 days
201411 days
20155 days
201616 days
201712 days
201824 days
201916 days
202014 days
202118 days
202221 days
202319 days
202415 days
202515 days

Each chart shows one value per year; the dot marks the record year. TXx is the hottest daily maximum, TNn the coldest daily minimum, Rx1day and Rx5day the largest one-day and five-day rain totals, and CDD the longest run of days with less than 1 mm of rain. A year with missing days can understate an extreme.

Download the Data

  • Data for Shannon standing records by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.
  • Data for Shannon threshold days by year: CSV or JSON. Field meanings are on the data page.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Global Historical Climatology Network Daily (GHCN-Daily). Records are computed by World Extreme Weather Monitor and are not official NOAA products. (US Government open data (NOAA NCEI)) Data as of 2026-10-17 (17 October 2026). Records are computed by this site and are not official.

Data as of . Last revised (2025-12-31).